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High Volume: Ideal for mass-market products, offering cost benefits but requires significant design and testing investment. Low Volume: Suited for prototypes and small runs, providing flexibility and easy design adjustments at a higher cost per unit.

FR-4 is the most commonly used low-cost PCB material, known for its good electrical properties, durability, and flame resistance. Other affordable options include CEM-1 and phenolic paper laminate for less demanding applications.

A stencil image is a visual pattern or design cut out from a stencil material, used for applying paint, ink, solder paste, or other substances through the cut-out areas to reproduce the design on an underlying surface.

Lead-Free Solder: Environmental friendly, commonly tin-copper or tin-silver-copper. Leaded Solder: Contains tin and lead, known for ease of use but less environmentally friendly. Silver Solder: Higher melting point, used for stronger joints.

A flying probe test uses movable test probes to make contact with components and test points on a PCB. It's flexible and does not require a custom test fixture, making it ideal for prototyping and low-volume production.

An MDA works by applying test signals through a bed-of-nails tester or similar fixtures to PCBs, checking for basic circuit continuity and identifying manufacturing defects without powering the board.

EOL testing is crucial for ensuring product quality and reliability, identifying and rectifying defects before products reach customers, thereby reducing returns and enhancing customer satisfaction.

Box build assembly, also known as systems integration, is the comprehensive process of assembling complex electronic and mechanical components into a final product enclosure. It goes beyond PCB assembly to include the integration of all components into a complete system or sub-system.

The difference between a jig and a fixture lies in their use; jigs guide the tool to the workpiece, while fixtures hold the workpiece in place. Jigs are used for precision while fixtures ensure stability.

An example of PFMEA in manufacturing could involve the assembly line for electronic devices, where PFMEA helps identify potential issues like incorrect component placement or soldering defects, allowing for preventive measures to be implemented.